Index to Davidson Principles and Practice of Medicine - 1

 A AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysms) 606 Abacavir 397,398,399 ABC resuscitation critically ill patient 176 poisoning 204, 210 Abdomen examination blood disorders 1000 cardiovascular disease 520 febrile patient 284, 291, 292 gastrointestinal disease 850, 851 liver and biliary disease 936-937 renal/urinary tract disease 456, 457 palpation 937 percussion 937 Abdontinal aortic aneurysms (AAA) 606 Abdominal pain 275, 873-876 acute 874-875 older people 875 chroniclrecurrent 875-876 constant 877 diabetic ketoacidosis 821 irritable bowel syndrome 921 liver abscess 986 lower abdomen 410 management 874-875 pancreatitis acute 904 chronic 907 peptic ulcer 887 perforated 889 types 873-874 Abducens (6th cranial) nerve 1195 palsy 1195,1196 tests 1147 Abetalipoproteinaemia 44R, 900, 1223 ABPA (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) 675, 676, 687, 703-704 ABPI (ankle:brachial pressure index) 602 Ahscess anorectal 933-934 cerebral 1231 formation 66 infective endocarditis 629, 630 liver 986-987 amoebic 359, 987 older people 986 pyogenic 986-987 pancreatic 905, 906 perinephric 470 pulmonary 694 skin, definition 1259 spinal epidural 1232 Absence seizures 1167 children/young people 1169, 1170 epilepsy 1167, 1168 Absorption, gastrointestinal tract 854-856 tests 863 see also Malabsorption Abulia 1190 Acamprosate 246 Acanthosis 1284 Acanthosis nigricans 806, 1309-1310 Acarbose 832, 833 Accessory (11th cranial) nerve, tests 1147 Acclimatisation al ti tude 103 to heat 102 Accommodation, sheltered 244 ACD (anaemia of chronic disease) 1012, 1025,1029-1030 ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) 424 sarcoidosis 716 ACE inhibitors adverse reactions 30 aortic regurgitation 628 atherosclerosis prevention 581 chronic renal failure 488 diabetic cardiovascular disease and nephropathy 838 diabetic nephropathy 514 drug-induced cough 658 effect on renal function 496, 5 17 effect of renal insufficiency 26, 27 heart failure 546, 549 dosages 550 site of action 549 hypertension 613, 614, 615 microalbuminuria in type I diabetes 842 mitral regurgitation 622 myocardial infarction 600 Acetaldehyde metabolism 970 Acetazolamide altitude illness 104 epilepsy 1172, 1174 idiopathic intracranial hypertension 1241 Acetylcholine 857,858,1150,1152, 1167 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 217 Acetylcysteine 683, 718, 909 Achalasia of oesophagus 881-882 AChE (acutylcholinesterase) 217 Achilles tendon disorders 1082 Achondroplasia 46 gene test 52 inheritance 52 Aciclovir 156 adverse effects on kidney 517 facial nerve palsy 1249 herpes infections 304, 305, 306 bone marrow transplant patients 1044 genital 416, 417 HIV/AIDS 385, 386, 389 leukaemia patients 1042 oral hairy leukoplaleia 386 viral encephalitis 1229 Acid-base balance 436 disorders 436-440 investigation 657 mixed 437, 440 renal control 436-437 Acidosis lactic 438 diabetics 823, 833 metabolic 434, 437-439, 657 acute renal failure 482, 483, 484 chronic renal failure 489 critically ill patients 182 diabetic ketoacidosis 820 di fferential diagnosis 661 hypothermia 101 malaria 345, 346 near-drowning 105 poisoning 209 renal tubular 434, 435, 438, 439, 506, 508 inheritance 52 osteopetrosis and 1132 respiratory 437, 440, 657, 668, 669 Acids, poisoning 219 Acinus 651 Acitretin IIlO, 1291 Acne conglobate 1300 infantile 1300 Acne excoriee 1300 Acne fulminans 1300 Acne vulgaris 1299-1300 Acneiform eruptions 1311 Acoustic neuroma 1237, 1238 Acrocyanosis 1034 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophica 320 Acrodermatitis enteropathica 127 Acromegaly 793, 801-802 musculoskeletal manifestations I 144 treatment 798, 802 Acropathy, thyroid 746-747 ACTH see Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Actin 524, 525 Actinic dermatitis, chronic 1272, 1273 Actinic keratosis 1303, 1303 ACTinomyces israelii 690 Actinomycetoma 373 Action potential 1149 compound 1154-1155 Activated partial thromboplastin time (AP1T) 10 10, 1011, 1018,1322 Activated protein C (APC) 199,318 Activities of daily living (ADL) 161 Barthel Index 169 Acupuncture 15 pain management 278 Acute abdomen 874-875 Acute confusional states 1187-1188 older people 1188 Acute coronary syndromes 589 chest pain 538 management 538-539 post-operative 60 I see also Angina, unstable; Myocardial infarction Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) 438,504-506 Acute interstitial pneumonia (AlP) 717 Acute lung injury (ALI) 188 Acute mountain sickness (AMS) 103-104 Acute phase proteins 65, 76 Acute phase response 77, 78 musculoskeletal disease I 105, 1109,1114 rheumatic disease 1074 Acute Physiology Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) 190, 200 Acute renal failure (ARF) see Renal failure, acute Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 186, 188-189 drug-induced 724 mechanical ventilation 195 near-drowning victims 105 pharmacological therapy 196 Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) 186, 189,482-483,484,505,514 drug-induced 517 • Adalimumab 1094 Adams-Stokes attacks 571 ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) 68 Addison's disease 435, 782, 783, 784 pain 1082 Adductor tendonitis 1081 Adefovir 157,389 hepatitis B 966 Adenine 38 Adenocarcinoma ampullary/periampullary 910 bronchial 706 oesophagus 883, 884 pancreatic 909-910 renal 512-513 small intestine 903 of unknown origin 261 Adenoma(s) adrenal Conn's syndrome 786-787 Cushing's syndrome 782 colorectal 923 familial adenomatous polyposis 924-925 hepatic 985-986 parathyroid 775, 776 pituitary 793, 794, 798-80 I, 1236, 1237 sebaceum 513, 1307 small intestine 903 thyroid 744, 746, 753 toxic 760 Adenomyomatosis, gallbladder 997 13 I I "" '"' L.. ,~ Adenosine 1150 arrhythmias 556, 562, 565, 573-574,575 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 1150 Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) 1150 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 42, 1005, 1071, 1150 myocardial contraction 525 Adenosquamous carcinoma of lung 71 I Adenoviruses 299 djarrhoea 311 - 312 respiratory infection 689 ADH see Antidjuretic hOlll1one Adhesion factors 186 Adhesion molecules 1005 ADHR (autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets) 1128 Adipiodone, adverse reactions 30 Adjpokines I 12, 813, 833 Adiponectin 833 Adjustment disorders 231, 239 depressive 231 prevalence 228 ADL (activities of daily living) 161 Barthel Index 169 ADP (adenosine diphosphate) 1150 Adrenal crisis 784, 785 Adrenal glands 743, 776-777 diseases 779- 784 classification 778 functional anatomy and physiology 777- 779 incidental mass (incidentaloma) 787 older people 785 Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital 39, 59, 768, 782, 783, 786, 789 inheritance 52 Adrenal insufficiency 782-784 critically ill patients 199 Adrenal tumours, Cushing's syndrome 782 Adrenalectomy Conn's adenoma 786 Cushing's syndrome/disease 782 Adrenaline 779, 1150 anaphylaxjs 86, 87, 902 angioedema 73 I antivenin reactions 222 cardiac arrest 556 cardiotoxic drug poisonjng 208, 210 circulatory effects 192 hypoglycaemia and 824 urticaria 1271 Adrenocorticotrophic hOI mone (ACTH) 743, I 150 Cushjng's syndrome 782 deficiency 782, 793 hypopituitarism 795, 796 ectopic, bronchial carcinoma 707 ectopic ACTH syndrome 777, 779, 782, 786 excess 783, 789 reference values, venous blood 1319 stimulation test (tetracosactide test; short Synacthen test) 783-784, 785 Adriamycin see Doxorubicin Advance directives 165, 200, 281 Advanced life support (ALS) 556, 557 Aedes spp. dengue 308, 309 yellow fever 309 AEDs (antiepilepsy drugs) see Anticonvulsants AF see Atrial fibrillation Affective (mood) disorders 240-242 bipolar 232, 240, 242 organic 232 Affluence, health consequences 97 AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) hepatocellular carcinoma 984 as tumour marker 259 Afterload 192, 525, 543 heart failure 543 reduction 192 Age, diabetes and 814 Ageing 162-164 biological 162 chronological 162 syndrome of premature ageing see Werner's syndrome Agglutination, cold 1034-1035 Agglutination test 143 brucellosis 319 immunosorbent 358 leptospirosis 321 microscopic 321 tularaemia 325 Aggrecan 1097 Aggressive behaviour 233-234 Agnosia I 192 Agoraphobia 240 AHR (ajrway hyper-reactivity) 671, 673,674 AIDS see HIY infection/AIDS A ids and appl iances, musculoskeletal disease 1089 AIN (acute interstitial nephritis) 504 505 AlP (acute interstitial pneumonia) 717 Air travel 104-105 Airflow obstruction, assessment in COPD 680 Airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) 671, 673,674 Airways 650 asthma 671, 672 assessment 675 maintenance, critically ill patients 193-196 narrowing, measurement 656 sleep apnoea 666 small airway disease 678 Akathjsia I 177 Akyrin 1031 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 940,942,1320 Albendazole cysticercosis 371 helminthic infections 298, 361, 362,363,367 filariases 364 365 hydatjd disease 372, 987 microsporidjosis 388 Albers- Schoberg disease I 131 Albinjsm 52 ocular 52 oculocutaneous 1279-1280 Albright's syndrome 1307 Albumin hypovolaemia management 425 plasma, liver function test 940, 941 reference values urine 1321 venous blood 1320 urinary 816 see also Hypoalbuminaemia Albumin solutions 1020 hepatorenal syndrome 949 Albuminuria, diabetes mellitus 840-841 Alcohol abstinence from 970. 971 amount in average drink 969 atherosclerotic vascular disease and 580 cardiomyopathy and 642 dependence 244, 245, 246 diabetics 831 heart muscle disease and 643 liver disease and 954, 955, 969-971 older people 986 poisoning 219 reference values, venous blood 1320 thiamin deficiency and 123 see also Ethanol • Alcohol misuse 235, 244 246 diagnosis 970 effects 245 hypoglycaemia 791 liver disease 943, 970 management 245- 246 maternal 634 pancreatitis 907- 908 prevalence 228 Alcohol withdrawal 245 management 246 Aldosterone 423, 424, 778 deficiency 435 plasma levels 786 plasma potassium and 432 reference values in venous blood 1319 resistance 435 see also Hyperaldosteronism Aldosterone receptor antagonists 548 myocardial infarct jon 600 Alendronate 881 osteoporosis I 125 Alfacalcidol (I a-hydroxycholecalciferol) 775 Alginates 889 Algodystrophy 1131 ALI (acute lung injury) 188 Alimentary tract 850-904, 910-934 see also Gastrointestinal tract Alkaline phosphatase bone mineralisation 1069 liver metastases 985 plasma Uver function test 940 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 972 sclerosing cholangitis 981 reference levels, venous blood 1320 serum 1076 Paget's djsease 1130 rickets/osteomalacia I 128, 1129 Alkalis, poisoning 219 Alkalosis hypokalaemic, Cushing's syndrome 779 metabolic 434, 437, 439, 657, 774 respiratory 437, 440, 657, 660, 774 Alkylating agents 266 Allergens asthma 670-671, 675-676 contact eczema 1285 Allergic alveolitis, extrinsic see Hyperscnsitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopu I monary aspergillosis (ABPA) 675, 676,687,703-704 Allergic eczema, contact 1285- 1286, 1287 Allergic rhinitis 729-730 Allergy 83-89 clinical assessment 85 food 87, 88, 902 hygiene hypothesis 84 investigations 85 management 85-86 pathology 83-84 presenting problems 84-88 spiders 223 A1lodynia 274, I 186 fibromyalgia 1119 Alloknesis 1266 Allopurinol acute leukaemia patients 1042 gout 1114-1115 hepatotoxicity 973 stone disease 472 Alopecia 1278-1279 androgenetic 1279 drug-induced 13 J I systemic lupus erythematosus 1133 Alopecia areata 1258, 1278- 1279 nails in 1258, 1283 Alpha,-antichymotrypsin 76 A1pha, -antitrypsin 76 deficiency 976-977 liver disease 943 reference values, venous blood 1320 Alpha-blockers adverse reactjons 30 benign prostatic hypertrophy 5 II hypertension 613, 614 phaeochromocytorna 788 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) hepatocellular carcinoma 984 as tumour marker 259 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 833 Alpha heavy chain disease 904 Alpha particles 99 A1pha-thalassacmja 1035, 1038 Alpha-tocopherol 123 Alport's syndrome 52, 503-504 ALS (advanced life support) 556, 557 ALT (alanine aminotransferase) 940, 942, 1320 A1teplase 595, 597 Alternative medicine 15-16, 278 Altitude, effects/illness 103-105 Aluminium, osteomalacia I 129 Aluminium hydrochloride 889 Aluminium hydroxide 898 renal osteodystrophy 490 Aluminium phosphide 220-221 Alveolar macrophages 652 Alveolar microlithiasis 725 Alveolar proteinosis 715, 725 Alveoli 651 common infecting organisms 133 Alveolitis extrinsic see Hypersensitivity pneumonjtis fibrosing 722 cryptogenic see Pulmonary fibrosis, idjopathic systemic sclerosis I 135, I 136 non-eosinophilic, drug-induced 724 Alzheimer's disease 247, 1188, 1189, 1217-1218 familial 52 Amanita phalloides poisoning 952 Amantadine 156, 157 multiple sclerosis 1216 Parkinson's disease 1200, 1221 prophylactic 147 Amastigotes, leishmaniasi~ 348, 349,350,351,354 Amaurosis fugax 1194, 1200 AmBisome 351 Amenorrhoea, secondary 765-766 Amikacin 15 I, 373 Amiloride 427, 432, 434 diabetes insipidus 797 mineralocorticoid excess 786 Amine precursors 238 Amino acid derivatives, diabetes management 832, 833 Amino acids 855 disorders of metabolism 442 essential I 10 Aminoglutethimide, Cushing's syndrome 782 Aminoglycosides 144, 146, 150-151 adverse reactions 151 dosages 151 effect of renal insufficiency 27 nephrotoxicity 517 pneumonia 693 Aminoguanidine 846 Aminopenicillins 147, 148, 683 Aminophylline asthma 516, 678 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 683-694 Aminosalicylates, inflammatory bowel disease 917, 918 Aminotransferases (transaminases) acute liver failure 953 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 971 - 972 plasma 943 liver function test 940, 943 viral hepatitis 963, 964 Amiodarone 24 adverse reactions 30 arrhythmias 573, 574 atrial fibrillation 193, 563 tachyarrhythmias 562, 563, 566, 568 causing thyroid dysfunction 758- 759 heart failure 550 hepatotoxicity 973 hyperpigmentation from 1281 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 643 structure 758 Amitriptyline chronic renal failure 490 headache ll62 irritable bowel syndrome 921, 922 migraine prevention I 163 multiple sclerosis 1216 musculoskeletal pain 1092, I 121 non-ulcer dyspepsia 891 pain management 278 post-herpetic neuralgia 306 psychiatric disorder 241 sphincter of Oddi dysfunction 997 Amlodipine angina 585 unstable 590 hypertension 613 Ammonia 437 hepatic encephalopathy 950, 951 Ammonium chloride 438 stone disease 472 Amnesia, transient 1176 Amniocentesis 57 Amoebiasis 343, 358-359 incubation period 135 Amoebic liver abscess 359 Amoeboma 359 Amoxicillin 147,148, 149 Clostridium difficile infection 931 diphtheria 332 gonorrhoea 414 Helicobacter pylori eradication 887, 888 infective endocarditis 633 listeriosis 324 Lyme disease 320 prophylactic 147 respiratory tract infection pneumonia 692, 694 upper 688 skin reactions, infectious mononucleosis 307 AMP (adenosine monophosphate) 1150 Amphetamine misuse 213, 246 Amphotericin/Amphotericin B 154-155 adverse reactions 155 aspergillosis 704-705 candidiasis 386, 389, 877 cryptococcal infections, HlY-related 390, 393 leishmaniasis 35 I skin lesions 352, 354 leukaemia patients 1042 lipid formulations 155 nephrotoxicity 517 sporotrichosis 373 systemic fungal infections 373, 374, 375 toxicity 1042 Ampicillin 147,148 cerebral abscess 1231 Clostridium difficUe infection 931 diverticulitis 930 enteric fever 325 infective endocarditis 632 listeriosis 324 liver abscess 987 meningitis 1227 prophylactic 147 skin reactions, infectious mononucleosis 307 Amprenavir 397, 398 AMS (acute mountain sickness) 103- 104 Amsacrine 1042 Amygdala 1151 Amylase 854, 856 , reference values, venous blood 1320 serum, pancreatitis 905 Amylin 813 Amyloid A, serum 76 Amyloid angiopathy I 189, 1203 Amyloid deposition, type 2 diabetes 813 Amyloid neuropathy, hereditary 1251 Amyloid in plaques, Alzheimer's disease 1217 Amyloidosis 79 heart disease 643 rheumatoid arthritis 1104 skin lesions 1308 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1223 Amyotrophy diabetic 843, 1251 neuralgic 125 I ANA see Antinuclear antibody Anabolic steroids 973, I 126 Anaemia(s) 1012,1023, 1025-1038 after gaslric resection 888 ancylostomiasis 360, 361 aplastic 1054 causes 1012 of chronic disease (ACD) 1012, 1025, 1029-1030 haemolytic 1012,1030-1031 acquired 1033-1035 autoimmune 1033- 1035 congenital 1031-1032 microangiopathic 498, 1035 HIV infection/AIDS 395 investigation 1012- 1013 iron deficiency 1012, 1013, 1023, 1025-1027, 1030 alimentary tract disorders 869, 880,895 ancylostomiasis 361 leukaemia patients 1042, 1046 leukoerythroblastic 1054-1055 liver disease 940 macrocytic 1012, 10 13, 1025 malaria 344, 345, 346 megaloblastic 896, 1025, 1027-1029 microcytic 1012, 1013, 1025 normocytic 1012, 10 13 normochromic 77, 78 older people 1030 pernicious 1012, 1028- 1029 refractory 1047 renal failure acute 484 chronic 488-489 rheumatoid arthritis I 104 sickle-cell 1012, 1035-1037 sideroblastic 1023, 1047 signs and symptoms 1001 Anaesthesia diabetics 828 leprosy 334, 337, 338 spider bite treatment 223- 224 Anaesthesia dolorosa 1164 Anagrelide 1055 Anakinra 1094 Anal canal 857 Anal cancer, HIY-related 397 Anal fissure 869, 933 Analgesia - bone metastases I 143 cancer 276-278 pancreatic 910 cholecystitis 993 migraine 1162- 1163 musculoskeletal disorders 1090--1092 • low back pain 1084 osteoarthritis 1100 myocardial infarction 595 osteoarthritis I 100 pancreatitis 906, 908 pleural pain 692 post-herpetic neuralgia 306 renal colic 472 Analgesic ladder (WHO) 276-277 Analgesics adjuvant 276, 277- 278 nephropathy from 505- 506, 517 poisoning 208- 209 opioids 208, 214-215 Anaphylactic shock, urticaria 1271 Anaphylactoid reactions 87 antivenin 222 Anaphylaxis 86-87, 187 gastrointestinal 902 horse serum 332 iatrogenic 86 management 902 ANCAs (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) 82-83, 515, 981 , 1139, ll40--1141 Ancylostoma braziliense 367 Ancylostoma caninum 298, 367 Ancylostoma duodenale 360, 361 life cycle 361 Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) 297, 360--361 Andersen's disease 443 Androgen receptor antagonists 769 prostate cancer 5 12 Androgens adrenal 779 excess 789 insufficiency 783 excess, hirsutism 768 exogenous 768 older women 769 IN D E X primary 765 tumours secreting 768 Aneuploidy 47 Aneurysms aortic 605-4i06 abdominal 606 thoracic 606 saccu I ar (berry) 12 I 0 ventricular 598- 599 warm-up 582 see also Microaneurysms Angelman's syndrome 47,54,56 Angina aortic stenosis 624 at rest 538 cocaine-induced 213 crescendo 589 pain 535, 538 decubitus 535, 582 hypothyroidism 752 nocturnal 582 older people 591 pain 535, 537, 538, 582 post-infarct 597- 598 Prinzmetal's 589 stable 537- 538, 581-589 clinical features 582 invasive treatment 586-588, 589 investigations 582- 583 management 583- 586 with normal coronary arteries ' 589 prognosis 588-589 risk stratification 582 unstable 537, 581 , 589-591 pain 535, 538, 590 risk stratification 590 variant 589 Angina equivalent 536, 540 Angiodysplasia 868, 869 Angioedema 87-88 hereditary 87, 88-89 laryngeal obstruction 73l urticaria 1270, 1271 Angiogenesis 50 Angiography abdominal pain 874, 876 bronchial artery 663 coronary 532, 534, 583, 584, 599 CT 653, 654, 1206 digital subtraction 654 hepatobiliary disease 942 magnetic resonance 464, 497, 1156,1158,1159,1206 mesenteric 869 nervous system I 156, 1157, 1158, 1159 pulmonary 654 CT 653,.654, 727 pulmonary embolism 727 renal 463,464,497 visceral 868 Angiomatosis, bacillary 340 Angioplasty coronary 533 myocardial infarction 596-597 renal artery stenosis 497 Angiotensin II 424, 432, 458, 779 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists dilated cardiomyopathy ~2 heart failure 549- 550 hypertension 613, 614, 615 microalbuminuria in diabetes 842 myocardial infarction 600 renal failure 488 site of action 549 systemic sclerosis 1136 Angiotensin-converting enzyme see ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors see ACE inhibitors 13 II'IVL./\ Angular cheilitis, HIV/AlDS 386 Angular stomatitis 850 Anhedonia 230, 232 Anion gap 437 acidosis 438 Anismus 930 Ankle:brachial pressure index (ABPI) 602 Ankle pain 1082 Ankylosing spondylitis 1106-1108 H LA associations 80 inflammatory bowel disease and I 110 Annulus fibrosus 526, 527 Anomia 1191 Anorectal disorders 932-934 Anorectal function, tests 863 Anorexia, rheumatoid arthritis I 103 Anorexia nervosa 248-249 Anosmia 764, 1190 Anosognosia 1217 ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) 423,424 Anserine bursitis 1081 Antacids 889, 891 Anthracyclines 267, 269 Anthrax 141, 298, 332-333, 342 incubation period 135 Anthropometry I 17 Anti-androgen therapy 769, 770 cancer 267 Anti-anxiety drugs 238 Anti-arrhythmic drugs 572-575 classification 572 by site of action 573 dosages 574 drug interactions 32 heart failure 550 principles of use 575 side-effects 574 Antibiotic therapy 143-145 acne 1300 acute leukaemia 1042 cerebral abscess 123 I cholecystitis 993 choledocholithiasis 994 clinician- laboratory interface 143 cystic fibrosis 686 antipseudomonal antibiotics 687 diabetic ketoacidosis 823 diarrhoea associated with 329, 931 - 932 gastroenteritis/acute diarrhoea 295,328 Helicobacter pylori eradication 887-888 hepatotoxicity 973 infective endocarditis 633 inflammatory bowel disease 917 meningitis 1227 monitoring 146 older people 152 osteomyelitis I I 19 • pneumonta community-acquired 691-692 hospital-acquired 693-694 immunocompromised patients 695 suppurative/aspirational 694 prophylactic 146, 147 infective endocarditis 632 pancreatitis 906 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 950 valvular heart disease 620, 621,623,633 respiratory tract infections bronchiectasis 685 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 683 cystic fibro is 686 pneumonia 691-692, 693-694, 695 upper 688 selection 145, 146 sepsis 199 sepsis syndrome 318 septic arthritis 1118 skin disorders in systemic sclerosis 1136 staphylococcal infections 313 urinary tract infection 468-469 pyelonephritis 470 variceal bleeding 959 vesico-ureteric reflux 510 Antibiotics 146-154 aminoglycoside 27, 144, 146, 150-151,693 nephrotoxicity 517 ~-Iactam 134, 144, 146-150, 694 cancer therapy 266 contraindications 22 drug interactions 23 folate antagonists 152-153 glycopeptides 144, 152 ketolide 150 lincosamide 144, 150 macrolide 144,150,683,687 nitroimidazoles 153-154 platelet inhibition 1056 prophylactic 147 quinolones 144, 150-152 resistance to 190 route of administration 145- 146 selection 145, 146 Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) 68 Antibody/Antibodies 65, 66, 69- 70 deficiencies 71, 73-75 see also Autoantibodies Anti-cancer drugs 265-267 side-effects 265, 266-267 Anticardiolipin antibodies 82, 1062 Anti-CCP antibodies 81 Anti-centromere antibodies 1075 Anticholinergics bladder dysfunction 1199, 1200 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 681, 683 disturbed behaviour 233 Parkinson's disease 1220-1221 Anticholinesterases Alzheimer's disease 247, 1189 myasthenia gravis 1253 neurotoxic envenoming 223 a,-Antichymotrypsin 76 Anticoagulants/Anticoagulation angina, unstable 590 atrial fibrillation, stroke prevention 564 cerebral venous disease 121 I coagulation screening 1018 contraindications 1063 drug interactions 32 haemodialysis 491 mechanism of action 1008 myocardial infarction 596-597 obliterative cardiomyopathy 643 older people 729 oral, effect of hepatic impairment 27 poisoning 208 prosthetic heart valves and 633 pulmonary embolism 728 pulmonary hypertension 729 stroke patients 1208, 1209, 1210 valvular heart disease 620, 623, 626 venous thromboembolism 1062-1064 Anticonvulsants epilepsy 1172-1176 choice of drug 1172 withdrawal I 173 neuropathic pain 278 poisoning 212 use in pregnancy 1173, 1176 Anticytokine 199, 1094 Anti-D 1022 Antidepressants 237, 238, 241 anxiety disorder 240 irritable bowel syndrome 922 in medically ill 241 medically unexplained somatic symptoms 250 prescription 26 tricyclic 238, 241 • irritable bowel syndrome 922 migraine prevention 1163 neuropathic pain 278 poisoning 210 sphincter of Oddi dysfunction 997 Anti-diabetic drugs oral 831-834 combined with insulin 833-834 overdose 21 I Antidiarrhoeal drugs 295 inflammatory bowel disease 917 irritable bowel syndrome 922 small bowel disease 897, 898. 899, 900 Antidiuretic hOlll1one (ADH; • • • argmme vasopresslll; vasopressin) 428, 430, 743, 1150 diabetes insipidus 431, 797 inappropriate secretion 430, 431, 793 bronchial carcinoma 707 variceal bleeding 960 Anti-DNA antibodies 82 Antiemetics chemotherapy 266 myocardial infarction 595 palliative care 280 receptor site activity 280 Anti-epilepsy drugs (AEDs) see Anticonvulsants Antifreeze poisoning 219 Antifungal agents 154-156 Antigen processing and presentation 70 Antiglobulin (Coombs) test 319, 1033- 1034 Antihistamines 85, 87, 88 allergic rhinitis 730 eczema 1287 food allergy 902 poisoning 212 urticaria 1271 Antihypertensive drugs 613-614 benefit 613 choice 613-614 influence of comorbidity 613-614 combinations 614, 615 Anti-inflammatory drugs, asthma 675,676 Anti-LKM antibodies 977 Antimalarials 346-347 poisoning 21 I Antimetabolites 266 Antimicrobial agents 146-154 development of refined and new agents 144 145 mechanisms of action 144 resistance to 144 selection 145, 146 see also Antibiotics Antimicrobial therapy principles 143-145 prophylactic 146, 147 see also Antibiotic therapy Antimicrosomal antibodies, autoimmune hepatitis 977 Antimitochondrial antibodie , primary biliary cirrhosis 978- 979 Antimonials, leishmaniasis 350-351, 354 skin lesions 352 Antimotility agents 295 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) 82- 83, 515,981,1139,1140-1141 Antinuclear antibody (ANA) 81-82, 1075, I 138 liver disease 977 primary biliary cirrhosis 978, 979 Antinuclear antibody disorder 1132, 1133 Anti-oestrogens, cancer treatment 267 Antioxidants 123 airway defence 652 Antiphospholipid antibodies 82, 1075 Antiphospholipid (antibody) syndrome 723, 1062, 1075, I 132, I 133, I 134 Antiplatelet therapy angina 583-584, 587 unstable 590 hypertension 615 myocardial infarction 596 obliterative cardiomyopathy 643 peri-operative 60 I pre-eclampsia 516 stroke, secondary prevention 1209, 1210 Antiproteinases 652 Antipsychotics (neuroleptics) 233, 238 schizophrenia 243-244 side-effects 244 tet lIIinal agitation 280 Antiretroviral drugs 21- 23 children 400 side-effects 398 Antirheumatic drugs rheumatoid arthritis I 105 low-acting (DMARDs) 1092-1094, 1105, 1108 Antisecretory agents 295 Anti-smooth muscle antibodies 977,979 Antisocial (psychopathic) personality disorder 247 Antithrombin 1008, 1061 deficiency 1061 Antithymocyte globulin, aplastic anaemia 1054 Antithyroid drugs 755 Graves' disease 754-755 in pregnancy 756 Anti-TNF therapy 1094 ankylosing spondylitis I 108 rheumatoid arthritis 1105 Anti-topoisomerase (Scl-70) 1075 Antitoxin, diphtheria 332 Antitrypsin, reference values, venous blood 1320 ai -Antitrypsin 76 at-Antitrypsin deficiency 46 irtheritance 52 Antituberculous drugs 70 I adverse effects 702 HTV/AIDS patients 390, 401 Antivenins scorpion 225 . snake 221, 222-223 spider 224 Antiviral agents 156-157 see also Antiretroviral drugs Anuria 476, 483 Anxiety/Anxiety disorders 231, 239-240 alcohol and 245 chest pain and 534-535 generalised 240 hyperventilation 660 management 240 and medical illness 236, 237 in palliative care patients 280 phobic 238, 239-240 presyncope 552 prevalence 228 stroke patients 1207 Aorta 522, 523 ascending, dilatation 530 coarctation 634, 637, 640 dilatation and 533 incidence 634 diseases 60~08 Aortic aneurysms 605~06 pain 536 syphilitic 412 Aortic dissection 531, 605, 60~08 pain 535-536, 536, 537 Aortic regurgitation 62~28 chest X-ray 530 Aortic stenosis 62~25 congenital 634 Doppler echocardiography 53 I older people 626 Aortic valve 522, 523 balloon valvuloplasty 626 replacement 626, 628, 633 stenosis, heart mUnTIurs 559 Aortitis 606 syphilis 412 Aorto-<luodenal fistula 867 APACHE II 190,200 Apatite crystals 1073 deposition 1116-1117 APD (automated peritoneal dialysis) 492, 494 APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis- ectodermal dystrophy) 804 Aphasia 1190-1191 Aphonia 730, 731 Aphthous ulceration 876 Aplasia cutis 756 Aplastic anaemia 1054 Apnoea, sleep 66~67 Apo Al deficiency 448 Apo Al Milano 448 Apocrine glands 1262- 1263 Apolipoproteins 444 Apomorphine, Parkinson's disease 1220,1221 Apoptosis 44, 68, 70 Appendicitis acute 874 left-sided 929 Apple jelly nodule 1263 Apraxia I 192 constructional 950, 951 gait 1181 Apronectomy 117 APS (autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes) 803-804 AP1T (activated partial thromboplastin time) 10 I 0, 1011,1018,1322 Aquaporin channels 428 Ara-C see Cytarabine Arachidonic acid 110, 1007 Arachis oil 1278 Arachnidism, necrotic 223 Arachnoiditis 1085 Arboviruses, encephalitis 1228 ARDS see Acute respiratory distress syndrome Arenaviruses 299 ARF (acute renal failure) see Renal failure, acute Argentinian haemorrhagic fever 310 Arginine 110 Arginine vasopressin see Antidiuretic hormone Argyll Robertson pupils 1197, 1233 Aristolochic acid 505, 517 Arm claudication 603 Aromatase inhibitors, cancer treatment 267, 269 Arrhythmias 560-572, 581 breathlessness 540 heart failure 546 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 642 hypothermia 101 mitral prolapse 621 myocardial infarction 597 management 599 palpitation 554 (pre-)syncope 552-553 sudden death 555 treatment critically ill patients 193 drugs 572-575 non-drug therapy 575-578 Arsenic hyperpigmentation from 1281 poisoning 226 Artemether, malaria 346, 347 Artemether-Iumefatrine 346, 348 Arterial blood gases analysis 657, 1318 asthma 677, 678 exchange, measurement 656-657 gas embolism 106 measurement, ventilated patient 182 pneumonia 690 pulmonary embolism 725, 726 respiratory failure 668, 669 Arterial disease leg ulceration 1278 limbs lower 601-603 upper 603 peripheral 601~07 Arterial pressure waveform 181 Arteri al pul se distinction from venous pulse 521 examination 521 Arterialisation 493 Arteries effects of hypertension 610 great, transposition 634, 640 Arteriography, renal 464, 497 Arteritis giant cell 1139-1140, 1161 Takayasu's 497, 1140 Artcsunatc 346, 347 Arthritis acute monoarthritis 1076-1077 chronic ('pyrophosphate') 1116 chronic inflammatory monoarthritis 1077 crico-arytenoid 722 crystal-associated 1111-11 17 drug-indufed 1142 enteropathic I I 10 inflammatory bowel disease and 1110 juvenile idiopathic 1077, 1078 Lyme disease 320 management, role of education 1089 mutilans 1110 oligoarthritis 1077-1078, 1108, 1109 osteoarthritis 1096-1100 Jor detailed entry see Osteoarthritis polyarthritis 1078-1079, 1109 psoriatic 1076, 1077, 1079, 1109-1110, 1258 erosions 1072 foot, target sites 1072 radiology 1072-1073 reactive 1076, 1077,1108-1110 . post-infectious 328 rheumatic fever 616, 617 rheumatoid 1101-1106 Jor detailed entry see Rheumatoid arthritis septic 1077,1117-1118 radiograph 1073 synovial fluid analysis 1071 systemic lupus erythematosus I 133 tuberculous 1119 viral 1078, 1118 Arthrodesis 1096 Arthrography 1074 Arthropathy haemophilic 1058 psoriasis 1290 reactive, sexually acquired 415 Arthroplasty, excision 1096 Asbestos-related disease 714, 720, 721-722 pleura 721, 735-736 Ascariasis 297, 362 Ascaris lumbricoides (roundwonTI) 360,362 Aschoff nodule 616 Ascites 936, 947-950 Budd-Chiari syndrome 982, 983 causes 937 heart fai lure 983 liver metastases 985 oedema 480-481 pancreatic 905, 907, 908 Ascorbic acid see Vitamin C Ash leaf macules 1307 Asherman's syndrome 765 Asparginase, acute leukaemia 1042 Aspartate 1150, 1167 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 940,942,943,1320 myocardial infarction 594 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 972 Aspergilloma 704 Aspergillosis 703-705 acute leukaemia patients 1042 allergic bronchopulmonary 675, 676,687,703-704 invasive pulmonary 704-705 Aspergillus cystic fibrosis 686-687 endocarditis 630 Aspergillus Jumillatlls, respiratory infections 703. 704 immunocompromised patient 695 Asphyxia laryngeal obstruction 73 I upper respiratory tract infection 688 Aspirational pneumonia 694 Aspirin 22 angina 5R3. 586 unstable 590, 59 I arthritis, rheumatic fever 617, 618 asthma association 67 I atherosclerotic vascular disease prevention 581 atrial fibrillation, stroke prevention 564 coronary artery bypass grafting 587 coronary heart disease 583, 587 myocardial infarction 595, 596, 600 effect of hepatic impairment 27 hypertension 615 IN D E X microalbuminuria in diabetes 842 migraine 1162 myeloproliferative disorders 1055 pericarditis 644 peripheral vascular disease 602 plasma concentrations 34 platelet inhibition 1056 poisoning 209 pre-eclampsia prevention 516 side-effects 1091 stroke patients 1208, 1209, 1210 timing of administration 25 Assertive outreach 244 AST see Aspartate aminotransferase Asterixis (flapping tremor) 937, 950, 952, I 182 Asthma 670-678 acute severe 661 management 677-678 prognosis 678 aetiology 670-671 atopic 670-671, 675 brittle 676 clinical features 671, 673 dyspnoea 660 corticosteroid-resistant 672 cough-variant 658, 671 drug-related 671, 724 epidemiology 670 exacerbations 676-677 exercise-induced 657, 660, 671, 674 investigations 673-675 management 675-678 nocturnal 67 I occupational 671, 672, 673, 720, 721 diagnosis 673-675 management 675 older people 684 pathophysiology 671, 672 respiratory function abnormalities 657 Astrocytes I 148 Astrocytoma 1236, 1237 Astroviruses 299, 311 Asystole 555, 556, 571 Ataxia(s) 1193 cerebellar I 181 episodic 1222 Friedreich's 643, 1222, 1223 geneticslinheritance 46, 52 hereditary 1222 multiple sclerosis 1216 sensory I 181 spinocerebellar 46, 1222 Ataxia telangiectasia 43, 1222 gene test 52 A tazanavir 397, 398 Atenolol 573, 574 angina 585 unstable 590 hypertension 613 myocardial infarction 597 Atheroembolic renal disease 499 Atheroembolism 603 Atherosclerosis 578-581 chronic renal failure 489 diabetics 836 heart transplant recipients 551 older people 603 pathophysiology 578-579 prevention 580-581 renal artery stenosis and 496, 497 risk factors 579-580 Athetosis 1182 Athletes, sudden death 642 Athlete's foot 1297 Atlantoaxial subluxation, rheumatoid arthritis 1104 ATN see Acute tubular necrosis ~--'I roc~ .r -------------------------~----------------------------- Atomic absorption 420 Atopic asthma 670-671, 675 Atopic eczema 1284 1285 management 1286-1287 pruritus 1268. [269 rash 1267, [269, 1284 Atopy 83, 85, 1284 Atorvastatin 599 Atovaquone malaria 346, 347 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 389,390 ATP (adenosine tri 42, 1005, 1071 , I 150 myocardial contraction 525 Atria 522, 523 Atrial ectopic beats 561 Atrial fibrillation (AF) 562-564 lone 562 management 563- 564 critically ill patients 193 mitral valve disease 619, 621 myocardial infarction 597 older people 563 paroxysmal 562, 563 permanent 562, 563 persistent 562, 563 post-operative 601 pre-excited 566 thromboemboEsm 564 thyrotoxicosis 749 'Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 565, 566 Atrial filling pressure 191 Atrial flutter 561-562 Atrial myxoma 644 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 423,424 Atrial septal defect 633, 634, 637-638 closure devices 533 incidence 634 Atrial tachyarrhythmias 561-564, 569 Atrial tachycardia 562 Atrioventricular (AV) block 570-571 myocardial infarction 571, 597 Atrioventricular (AV) dissociation 570 Atrioventricular (AV) node 522, 523, 524, 526-527 re-entry tachycardia 565-566 Atrophy, ski n. definition 1259 Atropine arrhythmias 561, 573, 574 AV block 571,597 cardiac arrest 556 cardiotoxic drug poisoning 210 myocardial infarction 597 organophosphorus poisoning 208,218,219- 220 Audit 6 Auerbach's plexus 858 Aura migraine 1162, I 183 seizures/epi lepsy I 168, I 169 heart 521 heart murmurs 558 respiratory disease 648, 649 Austin Flint mUJ tUur 627 Autoantibodies 81-83 chronic liver disease 977 musculoskeletal disease 1074 primary biliary cirrhosis 978, 979 thyroid 749, 750, 754 Autoimmune disease 80-83 classification 80-81 gastritis 885 haemolytic anaemia 1033- 1035 liver 977-982 polyendocrine syndrome type I 774 pregnancy 5 16 thyroid 751, 754-757 Autoimmune hepatiti 943, 977-978 immunosuppressive therapy 978 Autoimmune Iymphoproliferative syndrome 73 Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS) 803-804 Autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis- ectodellllal dystrophy (APECED) 804 Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) 492, 494 Autonomic dysfunction, somatoform 249-250 Autonomic nervous system 1151, 1153 diabetics 844, 845 tests of cardiovascular autonomic function 844 Autonomy, respect for I I Autosomal dominant hypophosphalaemic rickets (ADHR) 1128 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 45, 46 AV see Atrioventricular ... Avian flu 342 Axons I 148, 1149 neuropathy 1246-1247, 1249, 1250-1251 peripheral nerve 1152- 1153 Azapropazone 1091 Azathioprine 25 ankylosing spondylitis 1108 autoimmune haemolysis 1035 autoimmune hepatitis 978 effect of renal insufficiency 27 hepatotoxicity 973 inflammatory bowel disease 917 interstitial lung disease 717, 718 liver transplant patients 990 multiple sclerosis 1216 myasthertia gravis 1253 myositis 1137 photosensitive dermatoses 1273 psoriatic arthritis I I 10 renal transplantation patients 495 rheumatic disease 1093, 1094 side-effects 1093, 1094 systemic lupus erythematosus 1134 vasculitis 1139, 1140 Azithromycin 150, 687 bacterial angiomatosis 386 cryptosporidiosis, HIV I ALDS patients 389 enteric fever 325 Mycobacterium aviuIII intracellulare 388, 389, 390, 401 sexually transmitted infection, non-gonococcal 415, 416 syphilis 413 trachoma 341 Azoles 155, 386, 389 Aztreonam 147,149 B • B lymphocytes (B cells) 68, 69, 70, 1004, 1007 gastrointestinal tract 856 leukaemia chronic lymphocytic 1046 hairy cell 1047 and primary antibody deficiencies 74 Babesiosis 343, 348 Bacillary angiomatosis 340 HIV/AIDS 385, 386 Bacille Calmette-Guerin see BCG Bacillus alllhracis 332- 333, 342 Bacillus cereus, food poisoning 294,326,327 Back examination cardiovascular disease 520 neurological disease 1146 Back pain 1080, 1083-1085, 1242 ankylosing spondylitis 1107 • see also Low back pain Baclofen, multiple sclerosis 1216 Bactec system, brucellosis diagnosis 319 Bacteraemia 185,317 Bacteria 130 endogenous commensal 65 Bacterial infections bone marrow transplants I 044 HIV/AlDS patients 385 immune deficiency and 71 nervous system 1224, 1231 - 1233 sexually transmitted 411-415 skin 1293- 1295 see also specific injections Bacteriuria asymptomatic 469-470 treatment in pregnancy 516 catheter-related 470 Bacteroides infection 316-317 Bad news, giving 11 Baker's (popliteal) cyst 1018, 1081, 1099, 1103 rupture 1074, 1103 Balance 1193 disorders of I 193 see also Dizziness; Vertigo Balanitis 407 circinate 1108- 1109 Balanoposthitis 407 Balkan nephropathy 505, 517 Ballism 1182 Balloon dilatation 533, 862 Balloon tamponade, variceal bleeding 960 Balloon valvuloplasty aortic val ve 626 mitral valve 533, 621 Ballotling 457 Balsalazide 917, 918 Bamboo spine 1108 Bambuterol 682 Bandages, compression, leg ulcers 1277 Banding, variceal bleeding 959, 960 Barbiturates, misuse 246 Bardet- Biedl syndrome 53 Bare lymphocyte syndrome 73 Barium studies 858-859, 860, 863 abdominal pain 876 constipation 873 diverticulosis 929 inflammatory bowel disease 916 oesophageal disorders 881, 882 Barotrauma 106 Barrel chest 649 Barrett's (columnar lined) oesophagus 879-880 carcinoma and 879-880, 883 Bartonella henselae 385 Bartonellosis 340-341 Bartter's syndrome 434, 508 Basal cell carcinoma 1302, 1303, 1304 1305 pigmented 1265 Basal cell papilloma 1302 Basal ganglia I 151 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 108, 109 Basement membrane, skin 1261 , 1262 Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystal deposi lion 1116-1117 osteoarthritis and 1117 Basic hle support (BLS) 556 Basophilia, causes 1006 BasophiEc stippling 1010, 1033 Basophils 68, 1003,1006-1007 Batteries, bUlton, poisoning 219 Ballery acid poisoning 881 Bayes' theorem 9, 58 BCG (bacille Cal mette-Guerin) 138, 139 intravesical, bladder cancer 514 leprosy 338 tuberculosis 700 BCP see Basic calcium phosphate BCR (breakpoint cluster region) abloncogene 1044, 1045 Philadelphia chromosome I 044 BDP (beclomethasone dipropionate) 676, 730 Beau's lines 1283 Becker lar dystrophy 1254 gene test 52 Beck's depression scale 205, 206 Beckwith- Wiedellllan syndrome 56 Beclomethasone dipropionate (BOP) 676, 730 Behaviour changes in I 190 disturbed and aggressive 233-234 • older people 235 Behaviour therapy 238 Behavioural factors, psychiatric disorders 229 Behavioural modification, weight reduction 114 Beh<;et's syndrome 1142 Bejel 317,413 Bell 's palsy 1249 Bence Jones protein, adverse effects on kidney 517 Bence Jones proteinuria 479, 1052, 1084 Bendroflumethiazide 613 Beneficence 12 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 466, 510-511 incontinence and 475 Benserazide 1220 Benzamides, substituted 238. 243 Benzathine penicillin, prophylactic 147 Benzbromarone 1115 Benzene 1039 Benzhexol 1221 Benzidine 513 Benzisoxazole 238, 243 Benzodiazepines 238 alcohol withdrawal 246 anxiety disorder 240 breathlessness 279 misuse 246 overdose 212-213 stress reactions 239 terlllinal agitation 280 withdrawal symptoms 246 Benzoyl peroxide, acne 1300 Benzyl benzoate 386 Benzylpenicillin 147, 148 anthrax 332 cerebral abscess 1231 infective endocarditis 632 leptospirosis 322 Lyme disease 320 meningitis 1227 • procaine see Procaine penicillin rheumatic fever 618 soft tissue infections 316 Benzylpenicillin (colll'd) staphylococcal infection 313 streptococcal infection 314, 315 tetanus 1233 Bereavement 239 Beri-beri 123- 124 Bernard-Soulier syndrome 1056 Bernoulli equation, modified 531 Berry aneurysms 1210 Berylliosis 720, 721 Beta-adrenoceptor agonists anaphylaxis 87 asthma 675, 676, 677 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 681, 682, 683 intravenous 436 long-acting 676 older people 28 Beta-blockers (beta-adrenoceptor antagonists) angina 585, 586 unstable 590 anxiety disorders 238, 240 arrhythmias 573, 574 atrial fibrillation 563 tachyarrhythmias 561, 562, 565 ventricular tachycardia 568 asthma association 67 I atherosclerosis prevention 581 cardiomyopathy 642 effect of renal insufficiency 27 essential tremor I 182 heart failure 550 site of action 549 hypertension 613, 614, 615 Marfan's syndrome 606 mitral stenosis 620 myocardial infarction 597, 600 older people 28 peri-operative 60 I phaeochromocytoma 788 platelet inhibition 1056 poisoning 208,210 thyrotoxicosis 749, 756 variceal bleeding 961 withdrawal 585 Beta-carotene, porphyria management 453 Beta-Iactam antibiotics 146-150, 694 adverse effects 148 drug interactions 148 mechanisms of action 134 mechanisms of resistance 144 Beta-Iactamase inhibitors 147 Betamethasone 1313 Beta particles 99 Beta-thalassaentia 1035, 1038 Beznidazole 356 Bezold- Jarisch reflex 553 Bicarbonate 421 acid-base balance 436--437 acid-base disorders 437,438,439, 440 diabetic ketoacidosis 821 arterial blood 1318 see also Sodium bicarbonate Bicipital tendonitis 1079, 1080 Biguanides 833 overdose 21 I pOlycystic ovarian syndrome 770 Bile 854, 990-991 flow 939, 990 lithogenic 991-992 reflux 888 Bile acid sequestering resins 450 Bile acids, tests 863 Bile ducts 990, 991 flukes 370 stones 992, 994-995 pancreatitis 906 vanishing bile duct syndrome 981 Bile salts 854 malabsorption 871, 898, 900 therapy after lithotripsy 993 Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP/BfPAP) 193, 194 Bilharziasis (schistosontiasis) 297, 367-370 incubation period 135 Biliary cirrhosis 954, 977 investigations 943 primary 978--980 AMA-negative 980 older people 986 secondary 980 Biliary colic 992 Biliary disease 991-997 clinical examination 936--937 investigation 939-942 Biliary sludge 992, 994 Biliary system, functional anatomy 990-991 Biliary tract diseases, HIV-related 387 Bilirubin 1005 alcoholic liver disease 970 liver function test 940, 941 metabolism 944, 946 plasma acute liver failure 953 jaundice 944, 946 reference values, venous blood 1320 viral hepatitis 963 see also Hyperbilirubinaentia Biochemical investigations 420 liver disease 940, 941 Biochentical markers, myocardial infarction 593-594 Biochemical values 1318-1322 Biofeedback, faecal incontinence 933 Biologics, psoriasis 1292 Biopsy 263 bone 1076 bone marrow 1010, 1011 brain 1159, 1160 gastrointestinal tract 862 inflammatory bowel disease 914-915,916 small bowel biopsy, coeliac disease 894 kidney 465 liver 942 lung, interstitial disease 714, 716, 718 lymph node 1049 muscle 1076, 1136, 1137, 1159-1160 neurological disease 1159- 1160 pleural 665 bronchial carcinoma 709 prostate 511 pyrexia of unknown origin 287-288 respiratory diseases 655 sentinel lymph node 1306 skin 1264, 1275,1313--1314 trephine ~010, 1011, 1040 Bioterrorism 342 potential agents 306, 325, 333, 342 Biotin 121 , 125 deficiency 121 , 125 dietary sources 121 BiPAP (BIPAP) 193, 194 Biphosphonates see Bisphosphonates Bipolar disorder 232, 240, 242 Birch oral allergy syndrome 88 Bird fancier's lung 719 Bismuth 887, 888 diarrhoea 295 Bisoprolol 573, 574 angina 585 hypertension 613 Bisphosphonates 881 biliary cirrhosis 979 bone metastases 1143 cancer treatment 268 hypercalcaemia 1143 malignant 774 multiple myeloma 1053, 1054 osteomalacia and 1129 osteoporosis I 124-1125, 1126 Paget's disease 1130 Bites snake 221-223 spider 223--224 Bitot's sputs 122 Blackheads see Comedones Blackouts 1164, 1167, 1168 alcoholic 245 causes 552 older people 166 Blackwater fever 1035 Bladder atonic 475, 476,845 flaccid 1199 incomplete emptying 475 multiple sclerosis 1216 neurological disease 1199, 1200 overactive (spastic) 1199 stones 471, 472, 473 tumours 466, 513--514 u1 trasound I 199 Bladder neck dyssynergia 476 obstruction 476 incontinence and 475 Blalock- Taussig shunt 640 Blastomycosis 375 Bleach, poisoning 219, 881 Bleeding 1016 chronic renal failure 489 control, endoscopic techniques 862 exantination!investigation 100 I, 1010, L016 gastrointestinal 866-869 iron deficiency 1025 liver disease 947 NSAfDs and 1090-1091 leukacntia patients 1042 spontaneous, malaria 345 variceal 947, 958, 959-961 see also Haemorrhage Bleeding disorders 1055-1061 acquired 1060--1061 congenital 1057-1060 investigation 1010-1012, 1016, LOI8 Bleeding time 1011, 1322 Bleomycin 266 hyperpigmentation from 1281 testicular tumours 771 warts 1296 Blind loop syndrome 896-898, 914 Blindness colour 52 night 122 river blindness 297, 298, 365-366 vitamin A deficiency 122 see also Vision, loss Blistering 1261 Blisters 1273--1276 at birth 1273 definition 1259 Blood arterial analysis 657, 1318 asthma 677, 678 pneumonia 690 pulmonary embolism 725, 726 respiratory failure 668, 669 IN DE X components 1019, 1021 contantination 1023 donation!processing/storage 1019, 1020 oxygenation 182-184 Blood- brain barrier 1148 Blood cells 1002 formation 1002--1004 functions 1004--1007 see also Platelets; Red cells; White cells Blood count 1009, 10 I 0 musculoskeletal disease 1074, 1075 see also ullder Platelets; Red cells; White cells Blood diseases/disorders 1000--1064 clinical exantination 1000--1001 genetic 52 HIV infection! AlDS 395 investigation 1009-1012 malignancies 1039-1054 older people 1047 presenting problems 1012- 1019 pruritus 1267 rheumatoid arthritis 1104 systemic lupus erythematosus 1133,1134 Blood film examination 1009, 1010 Blood flow cardiovascular system 522 Doppler echocardiography 531-532 resistance to 525- 526 liver 938 Blood gases see Arterial blood gases Blood group antigens 1005 Blood groups ABO 1020-1021 transfusion 1020, 1021, L022, 1024 rhesus D L021 - 1022 Blood pool imaging, ventricular function assessment 534 Blood pressure cardiovascular disease and 551, 580,581 control chronic renal failure 488 diabetes 838, 840 endocrine disease 740 measurement 609-610 ambulatory 609 home 609 monitoring, critically ill patients 179- 180 stroke patients 1208, 1209, 1210 see also Hypertension Blood products 1019-1020 virus transntission 381, 967,1059 Blood tests 1009-1012 abdominal pain 874, 876 diabetes mellitus diagnosis 816--817 glycaemic control assessment 819 gastrointestinal haemorrhage 867 hepatobiliary disease 940-941, 942,943 inflammatory bowel disease 915 malabsorption 871 musculoskeletal disease 1074--1076 neurological disease 1158 acute confusional state 1188 pneumonia 690 weight loss 873 see also Haematological values Blood transfusion 1019 adverse effects 1023, L024 13~ Blood transfusion (cont'd) adverse effects (cont'd) infection transmission 38 I, 967, 1023, 1059 exchange malaria 347 megaloblastic anaemia 1029 sickle-cell disease 1037 gastrointestinal haemorrhage 867 haemolytic anaemia 1032, 1034 hereditary spherocytosis 1032 megaloblastic anaemia 1029 oxygen transport and 183 pre-transfusion testing! cross-matching 1022 red cell compatibility 1020--1021 safe procedures 1022 sickle-cell disease 1037 Blood vessels effects of hypertension 610 • • lmaglllg cerebrovascular disease 1206 nervous disease 1157- 1158 see also Vascular ... Blood volume, reference values 1322 Bloom's syndrome 1307 BLS (basic life support) 556 'Blue bloaters' 680 Blue finger syndrome 603 BMD see Bone mineral density BMI see Body mass index BMR (basal metabolic rate) 108, 109 BMT see Bone marrow transplantation BNP see Brain natriuretic peptide Body dysmorphic disorder 236, 249 Body mass index (BMI) 112, 113 malnutrition 117 older people 118 Bodypackers 215 Boerhaave's syndrome 884 Bohr effect 184 Boils 1294 Bolivian haemorrhagic fever 310 Bombesin 857, 858 Bone 1068-1069 anatomy 1068-1069 biopsy 1076 common infecting organisms 133 cortical 1068, 1069 embryology 1068 erosion 1072-1073 fractures see Fractures infection 1117-1119 older people 1118 loss of mass 1121 -1122 see also Osteopenia mineralisation 1068 in osteoarthritis 1097 pain 275, 1086-1087 remodelling 1069-1070 resorption 1068, 1069 growth plate (epiphysis) 1068, 1069 lamellar 1068 trabecular (cancellous) 1068, 1069 woven 1068 Bone age 764, 765 Bone densitometry 1123, I 126 coeliac disease 896 Bone diseases IS, 1121-1132 biliary cirrhosis 978, 979 cancer-associated I 143 diabetes 1143- 1144 investigation 1071-1076 malignant, pain 1087 metabolic after gastric resection 889 chronic renal failure 489-490 coeliac disease 896 inflammatory bowel disease 919-920 investigation 1076 metastatic 261, 1143 radionuclide scan 1074 scintigraphy 1073-1074 tuberculosis 698, 699 tumours, primary I 130--1 131 Bone marrow 68 biopsy, pyrexia of unknown origin 288 examination 1010, 101 I acute leukaemia 1040 fibrosis 1054 myeloproliferative diseases 1054-1055 structure and function 1002, 1003 Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) acute leukaemia 1043-1044 allogeneic 1043, 1045- 1046, 1047,1053,1054 aplastic anaemia 1054 autologous I 044, 1051, 1053 beta-thalassaemia 1038 chronic myeloid leukaemia 1045 infection in 1044 myelofibrosis 1055 myeloma 1053, 1054 osteopetrosis 1132 reduced-intensity 1044 syngeneic 1045- 1046 Bone mineral density (BMD) 1087 hyperparathyroidism 776 measurements 1074 osteoporosis I 121, 1 122, 1123, 1125, 1126 secondary amenorrhoea 766 BOOP (bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia) 717 Bordetella pertussis infection 658 Bomholm's disease 536 Borrelia, relapsing fever 320, 321 Borrelia a/zeW 319 Borrelia garinii 319 Borrelia burgdorferi 319 Borrelia vincenti 877 Borreliosis, Lyme 319- 320 Bortezomib 1053 Bosentan 729, 1136 Botfly 299 Botulinum toxin achalasia 882 anal fissure 933 dystonia 1183 hemifacial spasm 1249 multiple sclerosis 1216 Botulism 333 wound 316, 333 Bouchard's nodes 1098 Bouginage 862 Boutonniere defollllity of fingers 1102 Bovine serum albumin (BSA) 812 Bovine spongifollll encephalopathy (BSE) 1234 Bowel whole bowel irrigation, poisoning 208, 212, 215 see also Colon; Small intestine Bowen's disease 1304 BPH see Benign prostatic hyperplasia Brachial plexus lesions 1251 Brachytherapy 263- 264 Bradycardia 560 sinus 561 myocardial infarction 597 Bradykinesia 1179, 1180 Parkinson's disease 1218, 1219, 1220 Brain biopsy 1159, 1160 effects of alcohol 245 imaging I 156, 1157 cerebrovascular disease 1205-1206 epilepsy 1171 organic syndromes acute 247 chronic 247 scllizophrenia 242 structure and function, psychiatric disorders 229 tumours 1236-1238 • dementia I 189 metastatic 261-262, 263 Brain death 200, 1187 Brain injury, acute 198 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) 424 heart failure 546-547 Brain stem 1151, 1152, 1153 encephalitis 1229 lesions I 184, 1185, 1192 Breakpoint cluster region (BCR) abl oncogene 1044, 1045 Philadelphia chromosome 1044 Breast cancer aetiology 254-255 clinical assessment 256-257 epidemiology 254-255 familial 50, 52 genetics 48, 50 incidence 254 older people 256 prevention 255 screening 255 sites of metastasis 260 staging 259 treatrnent269 biological 268 hormonal 267-268 local disease 269 metastatic disease 269 post-operative 269 Breath tests, gastroenterology 862, 863,886,897 Breath.ing diabetes mellitus 806, 821 divers 106 management, critically ill patients 193-196 rescue (mouth-to-mouth) 556 sleep-disordered 666-667 see also Respiration Breathlessness see Dyspnoea Briquet's syndrome 236, 237, 249 Broca's area 1149,1150, 1190 Bromocriptine 244 Parkinson's disease 1221 pituitary tumours 1237 prolactinomas 800, 801 Bronchi 650 common infecting organisms 133 obstruction causes 707 clinical and radiological manifestations 706 see also Bronchial carcinoma Bronchial artery angiography 663 embolisation 663 Bronchial carcinoma 705-711 cell types 706 clinical features 706-707 connective tissue disorders 722 investigations 709-710 large cell 706 management 710--7 I 1 metastases 706, 707, 709-710 older people 7 I I pathology 706 physical signs 707, 709 prognosis 71 I single peripheral pulmonary lesion 663-664 small cell 706, 709 management 710 squamous cell 706, 710 Bronchial gland adenoma 711 carcinoma 71 I Bronchiectasis 653, 684 685 aspergillosis 703 connective tissue disorders 722, 723 cystic fi brosis 686 Bronchiolitis 688, 689 chronic (small airway disease) 678 obliterative, connective tissue disorders 722, 723 respiratory bronchiolitisinterstitial lung disese (RB-ILD) 717 Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP) 7 I 7 Bronchitis acute 688, 689 chronic 657, 678, 679 otherwise see Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease connective tissue disorders 722, 723 Bronchoalveolar carcinoma 711 Bronchoalveolar lavage 715, 718 Bronchoconstriction, enhanced 673 Bronchodilator therapy asthma 675, 676, 677, 678 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 681-682, 683 Bronchopleural fistula 732, 733, 734 Bronchopneumonia 688, 693 Bronchopulmonary segments 650 Bronchoscopy 654 655 bronchial carcinoma 709 haemoptysis 663 interstitial lung disease 714, 7 I 5, 716 management of ventilated! intubated patient 195 mediastinal tumours 712-713 Bronchospasm, pain 537 Brown-Sequard syndrome 1184, 1243- 1244 Bruce protocol for exercise tolerance testing 528 Brucella, endocarditis 630 Brucella abortus 3 I 8, 3 I 9 Brucella canis 318 Brucella melitensis 318, 319 Brucella suis 318 Brucellosis 318-319 incubation period 135 Brudzinski's sign 1224 Brugada syndrome 569 Brugia malayi 297, 363, 364 Bruise, definition 1259 BSA (bovine serum albumin) 812 BSE (bovine spongifollll encephalopathy) 1234 Budd-Chiari syndrome 942, 953, 982-983, 1012 Budesonide (BUD) 676, 730, 917, 918 Buerger's disease 603 Bulbar palsy I 192, 1193 motor neuron disease 1223 Bulimia nervosa 248, 249 Bullae definition 1259 drug-induced 131 I pulmonary 680, 682 Bumetanide 25 hypertension 613 oedema 481 Bundle branch blocks 527, 571-572 left 527, 572 right527,571,572 atrial septal defect 638 Bundle of His 526 Bunions 1082 Bunyaviruses 299 Bupropion 98 Burkholderia cepacia 686 Burkholderia pseudomililei 325 Burkitt's lymphoma, genetics 47, 48 Burns, haemolysis and 1035 Burrow, definition 1259 Bursae 1071 Bursitis 1078 foot 1082 hip 1080, 1081 knee 1081 olecranon 1080, I 104 subacromial 1079 trochanteric 1080, 1081 Buruli ulcers 298, 338 Buschke- Loewenstein tumour 417 Buspirone 238 Busulfan (busulphan) hepatotoxicity 973 hyperpigmentation from 1281 Button hole deformity of fingers 1102 Butyrophenones 238, 243 Byssinosis 719, 720 c C-peptide 810 levels, hypoglycaemia 790, 791 C-reactive protein (CRP) 65, 66, 76, 77, 78 myocardial infarction 594 pancreatitis 905 rheumatic disease 1074 CI inhibitor deficiency (hereditary angioedema) 87, 88-89 acquired 89 C4d staining 90 CA-125 258, 259, 261 Cabergoline Parkinson's disease 1221 pituitary tumours 1237 prolactinomas 800 CABG see Coronary artery bypass grafting Cachexia cancer 280 cardiac 546 neuropathic 843 Cadmium adverse effects on kidney 517 lung disease and 720 poisoning 331 Caecum, carcinoma 869 Caeruloplasmin 1320 Wilson's disease 975, 976 Cafe au lait macules 1307 cagA (cytotoxin-associated gene) 885 Calabar swelling 365 Calcific periarthritis 1117 Calcification dystrophic I I 16 metastatic 1116 musculoskeletal disease 1073 Calcimimetics 776 Calcineurin inhibitors 90 Calcinosis 1073 Calcipotriol 1290, 1291 Calcitonin 40, 744, 772 osteoporosis 1125 Paget's disease 1130 Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) 40, 858 Calcitriol (l,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) hypoparathyroidism 775 osteoporosis I 125, 1126 Calcium absorption 125 deficiency 125 osteomalacia I 127 diet 126 homeostasis, PTHlvitarnin D and 772 metabolism, investigation 772 myocardial contraction 525 reabsorption 423 reference values urine 1321 venous blood 1320 serum, bone disease 1076 see also Hypercalcaemia; Hypocalcaemia Calcium antagonists (channel blockers) angina 585, 586 unstable 590 arrhythmias 573, 574 atrial fi brillation 563 hypertension 613, 614, 615 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 642 mitral stenosis 620 non-dihydropyridine chronic renal failure 488 microalbuminuria in diabetes 842 poisoning 208, 210 pulmonary hypertension 729 Raynaud's symptoms 1136 Calcium bicarbonate, chronic renal failure 489, 490 Calcium carbonate 442 Calcium gluconate 435, 436, 441 cardiotoxic drug poisoning 208, 2 10 spider bites 224 Calcium oxalate stones 471,472 Calcium phosphate deposition 1116-1117 stones 471, 472 Calcium pyrophosphate crystals 1072, 1073 Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition 1115-1116 hyperparathyroidism 775- 776 osteoarthritis 1099, 1100 Calcium therapy hypoparathyroidism 775 osteoporosis 1125 radioisotope exposure 100 rickets/osteomalacia I 128 tetany 775 Calcium and vitamin D supplements 1125, 1126 osteoporosis prophylaxis 167 Calculi (stones) renal 898• staghom 471 urinary tract 466, 471-473, 510 see aLso Gallstones Calicivirus 299, 311 Calprotectin 863 Cameron lesions 880 CampyLobacler food poisoning 294 Guillain-Barre syndrome 1249, 1250 Campylobacter jejuni 326, 328 Camurati- Engelmann disease I 132 Cancer 254-271 aetiological factors 254-255 biology 256, 257 clinical assessment 256-257 definition 254 diagnosis, patient's response 262 emergency situations 259-261 epidemiology 254-255 familial 50 family history 51- 52 HIY-related 396-397 incidence 254 inheritance 50 metastases 48, 49, 50 sites 260 of unknown origin 261-262 musculoskeletal manifestations 1143 obesity and 114 older people 256 pain management 274, 275-278 pathology 258 prevention 255-256 renal effects 514 screening 255-256 staging 258-259 treatment/management 262-271 adjuvant 262, 263 aims/planning 262-263 assessment of response 263 biological 268 hormonal 267- 268 novel and targeted therapies 268-269 of pain 274, 275-278 older people 256 palliative 262, 263, 264, 274-282 radiotherapy 264 sanctuary sites 263 solid tumours 269-271 surgical 263 tumour biology and 256 see aLso Chemotherapy; specific cancers see aLso sites and types of cancer Cancer cachexia syndrome 280 Candesartan myocardial infarction 600 P 549-550 Candida 373 acute leukaemia patients 1042 endocarditis 630 Candida albicans 373, 374 immunocompromised patients 695 Candida glabrata 373 Candida krusei 373 Candida tropicalis 373 Candidiasis erythematosus 386 genital 407-408, 409 HIY/AIDS patients 384, 386 treatment 389 hypertrophic 386 oesophageal 881 HIV/AIDS 386 oral 877 HIY/AIDS 378, 384, 386 pseudomembranous 386 systemic 373-374 Cannabis 212, 246 Cannula-related infection 313 Capacity, lack of 1\-12, 281 CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) 492, 494 problems 495 Capecitabine 265 Capillary leak syndrome 309 Caplan's syndrome 721, 723 Capnography 182 Capsaicin osteoarthritis 1100 pruritus 1267 topical 1092 Capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 1079-1080 Captopril renography 497 Carbamate insecticides 220 Carbamazepine 238, 242 epilepsy 1172-1173, 1174 multiple sclerosis 1216 pain management 278 plasma concentrations 34 trigeminal neuralgia 1164 Carbapenems 147,149-150 soft tissue infections 317 Carbaryl 1298 Carbenoxolone 433 Carbidopa 1220 Carbimazole 24, 750, 755, 756 pregnancy 756 Carbohydrates diabetic diet 830 dietary 109-110 recommended intake I II digestion 854-855 metabolism disorders of 442 443 effects of insulin 809 Carbon dioxide (C02) arterial blood 1318 emission 97 Carbon monoxide poisoning 216, 1189 Carbonic acidlbicarbonate buffer system 436 Carbonic anhydrase 422, 436 Carbonic anhydrase II mutations 1132 Carboplatin 266 y-Carboxyglutarnic acid (Gla) 123 Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) 1320 levels in carbon monoxide poisoning 216 Carboxypenicillins 147, 148 Carbuncles 1294 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 258,259,927 Carcinogenesis 48-50 multistep 49-50 Carcinoid syndrome 791, 903 pellagra 124 valvular heart disease 628, 629 Carcinoid tumours 711, 79), 792 gastric 894 small intestine 903 Carcinoma anaplastic, thyroid 761 basal cell 1302, 1303, 1304-1305 pigmented 1265 definition 254 follicular, thyroid 760-761 intraepidermal 1304 medullary, thyroid 761 papillary, thyroid 760-761 squamous cell, skin 1303, 1305 see aLso sites of carcinoma Card agglutination trypanosomiasis test (CATT') 355 Cardiac arrest 554-557 aetiology 555 management 555-557 Cardiac asthma 539 Cardiac cachexia 546 Cardiac catheterisation 532, 534 aortic regurgitation 627, 628 aortic stenosis 625 mitral valve disease 620, 622 therapeutic procedures 534 Cardiac output 191 , 192 factors influencing 525 heart failure 542-543, 545 effect of drug therapy 548 measurement 180-181,534 Cardiac pacemakers, permanent. sinoatrial disease 569 Cardiac pacing, LachyarrhyLhmias 563,568 Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRn 577-578 Cardiac (pericardial) tamponade 526,540,542,598,645 cancer patients 261 Cardiac ... see also Heart Cardiomegaly 529 Cardiomyopathy 641-643 dilated 641-643 HTV-related 395 hypertrophic 641, 642 inheritance 52 obliterative 641, 643 restrictive 641, 643 types 641 Cardiopulmonary disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus I 134 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 556, 557 older people 190 Cardiothoracic ratio 529 Cardiotoxic drugs, overdose 210 Cardiovascular disorders 522 chronic renal failure 489 diabetics 836 role of ACE inhibitors 838 dy pnoea and 659, 660, 661 genetic 52 hypertension and 551, 61 I quantification of risk 611 investigation 526-533 lipids and 445 446,447 New York Heart Association functional classification 534 presenting problems 534-560 rheumatoid arthritis I 103, 1 I 04 risk factors 579-580 obesity 111,112,113 therapeutic procedures 533, 534 Cardiovascular heart disease, risk prediction chart 449, 1323 Cardiovascular reflex tests, diabetes mellitus 844 Cardiovascular system, clinical examination 520-521 Cardioversion, direct current (DC), arrhythmias 575-576 atrial fibrillation 563, 566 tachyarrhythmias 562, 563, 565, 568 Carditis 616, 617, 618 Care see Health care Carey Coombs murmur 617 Camitine-palmityl transferase (CPT) deficiency 1255 Caroli's syndrome 988, 989 Carotene 123 Carotid artery disease, hypertension 611 Carotid artery surgery, ischaemic strokefflA 1210 Carotid pulse 520, 521 Carotid sinus massage 553, 565 atrial flutter 562 Carotid sinus syndrome 166, 553 Carpal tunnel syndrome 1080, 1143, 1248 diabetes 807, 843 rheumatoid arthritis I 104 Cartilage articular 1069, 1070-1071 calcification 1073 erosion 1072- 1073 fibrillation 1097 osteoarthritis 1097 Carvedilol 613 Casal's necklace 124 Caspofungin 154, 155, 386, 389 acute leukaemia patients 1042 systemic fungal infections 374 Cassava 907 Castleman's disease 396 Cat scratch disease 340, 341 Catalase 42 Cataplexy 667, 1177 Cataract diabetics 806, 841 'snow-flake' 841 Catatonia 243 Catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMn inhibitors 1221 Catecholamines 779 excess 788 Cathepsin K (CatK) 1070 mutations 1132 Catheter ablation therapy arrhythmias 576 tachyarrhythrnias 561, 562, 565, 566, 576 Catheters/Catheterisation bacteriuria 470 bladder dysfunction 1199, 1200 cardiac 532, 534 aortic regurgitation 627, 628 aortic stenosis 625 mitral valve disease 620, 622 pu Imonary artery 180, 181 critically ill patients 180 risks 180 therapeutic procedures 534 CatK see Cathepsin K CAlT (card agglutination trypanosomiasis test) 355 Cauda equina claudication 1243 Cauda equina syndrome 1084 Caudal regression syndrome 826 Causalgia I 186 Caval filters, pulmonary embolism patients 728 CBT see Cognitive behaviour therapy CCK (cholecystokinin) 854, 855, 857,859,990 CD4 cells 70 HIY infection! AIDS 381- 383, 384 CD8 cells 70, 383 CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) 43 CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) 258,259,927 Cefalexin 149,469 Cefazolin 149 Cefepime 149 Cefixime 149,4 14 Cefotaxime enteric fever 325 Lyme disease 320 meningitis 1227 pneumonia, HIV/AIDS patients 390 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 950 Cefoxitin 149 Ceftazidime 149 bronchiectasis 685 cerebral abscess 1231 melioidosis 325 Ceftriaxone 149 enteric fever 325 gonorrhoea 414 leptospirosis 322 Lyme disease 320 meningitis 1227, 1228 non-gonococcal sexually transmitted infection 416 pneumonia 692 Whipple's disease 898 Cefuroxime 149 cerebral abscess 1231 cholecystitis 993 choledocholithiasis 994 meningitis 1227 pneumonia 692 urinary tract infection 469 Cefuroxime axetil 320 Celecoxib 1091 - 1092 Cell biology 40 44 Cell cycle 43 Cell (plasma) membrane 40 4 I receptors 41 , 42 transport across 40, 41• Cells cerebrospinal fluid analysis 1324 death 43 programmed (apoptosis) 44. 68, 70 division 43 functional anatomy 40 43 nervous system 1148 senescence 163 Cellulitis 313, 1295 anaerobic 3 I 6 Central nervous system effects of hypertension 610 HIV infection/AIDS 378 systemic lupus erythematosus H34 tuberculosis 699 Central venous cannulation, complications and pitfalls 180 Central venous pressure (CVP) gastrointestinal haemorrhage 867 monitoring 179, 180 factors influencing 191 shock 187 Cephalgia, coiLaI and exerciseinduced 1163- 1164 Cephalosporins 147, 148-149 cholecystitis 993 Clostridium difficile infection 931 diverticulitis 930 effect of renal insufficiency 27 platelet inhibition 1056 pneumonia 693 prophylactic 147 rheumatic fever 618 soft tissue infections 316 Cerebellar ataxia 1181 Cerebellar degeneration 1239 Cerebellar lesions 1179, 1181, 1182 Cerebellum 1151, 1178 Cerebral abscess 1231 Cerebral cortex anatomy 1149, 1151 disturbance I 191-1192 lobar functions 1149, 1151, 1152 effects of damage I 152 Cerebral hemispheres 1149, 1151- 1152 lesions 1185 Cerebral infarction 1201-1203 Cerebral oedema acute liver failure 952-953 high-altitude 104 hypoglycaemia 825 stroke patients 1207 Cerebral perfusion pressure 198 Cerebral tumours 1236-1238 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) I 15 I- I 152, 1158- 1159, 1160 analysis 1324 circulation 1239, 1240 meningitis 1224, 1225, 1226-1227, 1228 multiple sclerosis 1214, 1216 spi nal compression 1244 syphilis 413 viral encephalitis 1229 Cerebrovascular disease 1200-1212 see also Stroke Cervical cancer aetiology 254 HIV-related 397 incidence 254 screening 255 treatment 270 Cervical cord compression, rheumatoid arthritis 1104 Cervical spine spondylosis 1241-1242 spondylotic myelopathy 1241-1242 spondylotic radiculopathy 1241 subluxation, rheumatoid arthritis 1104 Cervicitis chlamydial 415 gonococcal 409 Cestodes (tapeworms) 360, 370-372 Cetirizine 1271 CF see Cystic fibrosis CFfR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) 45, 685 CFU-E (colony-forming unit-erythroid) 1003 CFU-GM (colony-forming unit-granulocyte, monocyte) 1002- 1003 CFU-Meg (colony-forming unitmegakaryocyte) 1003, 1004 CGRP (calcitonin-gene-related peptide) 40, 858 Chagas disease 343, 355-356, 641, 881 transfusion-transmitted 1023 Chain of Survival, cardiac arrest 555- 556 Chancre 289, 408, 411 trypanosomal 355 Chancroid 416 Channelopathies 1255-1256 Charcoal, activated, poisoning management 207- 208, 212 antidiabetic overdose 211 antimalarial overdose 211 benzodiazepine overdose 213 cocaine 213 gammahydroxybutyrate 214 NSAID overdose 210 organophosphorus 219 salicylate poisoning 209 Charcot joints 1144 diabetes 807, 843, 846 Charcot- Marie- Tooth disease 1250, 1251 CHART (continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy) 710 CHD see Coronary heart disease Cheese worker's lung 719 Cheiroarthropathy 807, I 143 Chemical mutagens 44 Chemical poisoning 216-221 Chemoembolisation, hepatocellular carcinoma 985 Chemoprophylaxis 137, 147 malaria 347- 348 Chemotherapy 265-267 adjuvant bronchial carcinoma 710 colorectal cancer 928 gastric cancer 893 oesophageal cancer 884 administration 266 . bladder cancer 514 bronchial carcinoma 710 cerebral tumours 1237 combination 265, 266, 710 gastric cancer 893 Chemotherapy (cont'd) Hodgkin's disease 1049 leukaemia acute 1040-1041, 1042 chroni.c; lymphocytic 1046 chronic myeloid 1045 malignant melanoma 1306 myeloma 1052 non-